A systematic examination of brain volumetric abnormalities in recent-onset schizophrenia using voxel-based, surface-based and region-of-interest-based morphometric analyses

Table 1 Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the study samples

	Participants (n = 90)
Characteristics	Control group (n = 45)	Schizophrenia group (n = 45)
Gender, n (%)
Male	35 (77.8)	32 (71.1)
Female	10 (22.2)	13 (28.9)
Age, years: mean (s.d.) range	26.84 (6.21) 17–44	28.13 (8.36) 17–49
Education : Formal education, years: mean (s.d.) range	13.11 (3.96) 0–18	12.20 (3.32) 5–18
Diagnosis, n
Paranoid schizophrenia		30
Undifferentiated schizophrenia		8
Schizophreniform disorder		7
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), psychopathology score: mean (s.d) range
Positive		15.09 (5.29) 7–27
Negative		15.16 (4.82) 7–27
General		26.53 (5.96) 16–44
Total		56.78 (12.26) 39–89
Age at onset of illness, years: mean (s.d.) range		26.11 (8.35) 15–45
Duration of illness, months: mean (s.d.) range		24.42 (18.10) 1–60
Medication status^a
Antipsychotic naive/free, n (%)		21/9, (66.7%)
On medication, n (%)		15 (33.3%)
Life-time cumulative neuroleptic exposure in risperidone equivalent dosages (mg) ^a: mean (s.d.) range		1232.31 (1910.34) 0–9589.1

T-tests showed no significant differences (p ˂ 0.05) in age between patients and controls. Among patients, no significant gender differences in age at onset, duration of illness, or medication was found
^aLife-time cumulative neuroleptic exposure expressed in risperidone equivalents (mg) (Woods [56]; Taylor [57]; Kroken et al. [58])

ISSN: 1477-5751