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Table 1 Main characteristics of three randomized, 2-period, 2-sequence, cross-over studies comparing three drugs described by their name or as placebo

From: Does the placebo effect modulate drug bioavailability? Randomized cross-over studies of three drugs

Drug name (dose)

Cephalexin (500 mg)

Ibuprofen (400 mg)

Paracetamol (500 mg)

Participants, No. (sex)

41 (M), 9 (F)

27 (M), 3 (F)

47 (M), 3 (F)

Age, mean (SD), year

30.8 (6.2)

31.4 (6.6)

31.2 (5.4)

BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2

24.8 (3.1)

25.0 (4.2)

25.2 (3.1)

Adverse events (No.)a

Near fainting (1)

None

Localized rash (1)

Washout period, hour

24

24

48

Sampling frame, hour

6

10

14

Assay range, μg/ml

0.50–120

0.25–60

0.10–40

  1. aAll adverse events were mild and resolved spontaneously