Maternal exercise before and during pregnancy does not impact offspring exercise or body composition in mice

Table 2 Separate-sex analyses of offspring (G₂) mean voluntary-running traits from days 5 and 6 of a 6-day exposure to running wheels

Trait^a		Trans^b	n	Group^c	Age^d	Freeness^e
Revolutions/day	♂	none	44	F_{2, 39} = 1.972	F_{1, 39} = 0.240	F_{1, 39} = 0.096
	♂	none	44	p = 0.153	p = 0.627	p = 0.759
	♀	log₁₀	43	F_{2, 38} = 0.230	F_{1, 38} = 0.222	F_{1, 38} = 0.755
	♀	log₁₀	43	p = 0.795	p = 0.640	p = 0.390
1-min intervals/day	♂	none	44	F_{2, 39} = 1.807	F_{1, 39} = 0.024	F_{1, 39} = 0.113
	♂	none	44	p = 0.178	p = 0.877	p = 0.738
	♀	none	43	F_{2, 38} = 0.159	F_{1, 38} = 0.014	F_{1, 38} = 2.612
	♀	none	43	p = 0.853	p = 0.905	p = 0.114
Average speed (rpm)	♂	log₁₀	44	F_{2, 39} = 1.658	F_{1, 39} = 2.834	F_{1, 39} = 2.621
	♂	log₁₀	44	p = 0.204	p = 0.100	p = 0.113
	♀	log₁₀	43	F_{2, 38} = 0.593	F_{1, 38} = 0.261	F_{1, 38} = 7.254
	♀	log₁₀	43	p = 0.558	p = 0.613	p = 0.010
Maximum speed (rpm)	♂	log₁₀	44	F_{2, 39} = 1.263	F_{1, 39} = 0.054	F_{1, 39} = 1.096
	♂	log₁₀	44	p = 0.294	p = 0.818	p = 0.302
	♀	log₁₀	43	F_{2, 38} = 0.686	F_{1, 38} = 0.612	F_{1, 38} = 7.299
	♀	log₁₀	43	p = 0.510	p = 0.439	p = 0.010

^a Revolutions/day (distance), 1-min intervals/day (time, cumulative 1-min intervals in which at least one revolution was recorded), average running speed (total revolutions/time spent running), and maximum running speed (highest number of revolutions in any 1-min interval within a 24 h period). Data were from general linear model [Univariate GLM ANOVA (SPSS, Chicago, IL)] and transformed
^b as necessary to improve normality of residuals [11]
^c Group represents the following maternal experimental conditions: no exercise (standard mouse cage), post-weaning only exercise (access to a running wheel up until the time of mating), or post-weaning and gestational exercise (access to a running wheel until two days prior to giving birth). Additionally, age
^d and wheel freeness
^e (number of wheel revolutions following acceleration to a given velocity) were included in the model as covariates. Significance levels (P-values: bold indicates p < 0.05) for the effects of maternal (G₁) exercise group (none, post-weaning only, post-weaning and gestational). The following covariates were also included in the analyses: Age, days since birth at the time of initial exposure to running wheel; Freeness, number of wheel revolutions following acceleration to a given velocity. Running wheel circumference was 1.1 m

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