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Table 2 Joint angles; baseline and 4-month follow-up between groups: ANCOVA with baseline as covariate
| Patient education only (n = 23) | Patient education + exercise therapy (n = 22) | P | Part. Eta sq. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Follow-up | Change | Baseline | Follow-up | Change | ||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||||||
| Hip | |||||||||
| Sagittal plane | Initial contact | 32.1 (4.24) | 32.7 (6.03) | 0.6 (5.10) | 32.6 (5.29) | 33.0 (5.26) | 0.4 (4.61) | .969 | .000 |
| Midstance | 13.2 (4.18) | 13.1 (4.61) | −0.1 (5.48) | 12.5 (6.59) | 12.7 (4.53) | 0.2 (5.27) | .874 | .001 | |
| Peak hip extension | −3.4 (5.93) | −2.4 (7.31) | 1.0 (6.09) | −6.7 (9.13) | −5.7 (7.27) | 1.0 (5.13) | .545 | .009 | |
| Toe-off | 5.3 (5.53) | 5.1 (6.69) | 0.2 (6.82) | 3.2 (8.38) | 3.7 (6.60) | 0.5 (6.42) | .857 | .001 | |
| Frontal plane | Initial contact | −4.0 (4.35) | −4.6 (4.78) | −0.6 (4.59) | −5.1 (3.85) | −6.2 (3.88) | −1.1 (2.99) | .392 | .018 |
| Midstance | 11.7 (3.48) | 10.5 (3.54) | −1.2 (3.72) | 10.4 (4.11) | 10.1 (4.02) | −0.3 (2.44) | .606 | .006 | |
| Peak hip extension | 5.3 (4.16) | 5.4 (3.79) | 0.1 (2.21) | 6.0 (4.55) | 5.9 (3.62) | −0.1 (3.08) | .931 | .000 | |
| Toe-off | −0.6 (3.25) | −0.5 (3.19) | 0.1 (2.50) | −1.2 (3.73) | 0.9 (3.17) | 0.3 (3.03) | .887 | .001 | |
| Knee | |||||||||
| Sagittal plane | Initial contact | 0.8 (3.65) | 0.5 (3.70) | −0.3 (3.20) | 1.2 (4.75) | 1.0 (3.37) | −0.2 (3.50) | .770 | .002 |
| Midstance | 13.3 (4.40) | 13.0 (4.45) | −0.3 (2.79) | 12.3 (5.50) | 12.3 (4.40) | 0.0 (2.79) | .989 | .000 | |
| Peak hip extension | 22.6 (7.06) | 22.8 (7.59) | 0.2 (2.77) | 18.2 (6.52) | 18.2 (6.45) | 0.0 (3.27) | .665 | .005 | |
| Toe-off | 48.4 (5.11) | 47.9 (5.66) | −0.5 (2.99) | 46.5 (5.63) | 45.7 (5.76) | −0.8 (3.63) | .616 | .006 | |
| Frontal plane | Initial contact | −3.1 (3.04) | −2.5 (3.18) | 0.6 (1.96) | −3.5 (2.38) | −3.0 (3.16) | 0.5 (1.75) | .893 | .000 |
| Midstance | −1.0 (3.32) | −0.6 (2.94) | 0.4 (2.42) | −0.8 (2.84) | −0.6 (3.52) | 0.2 (2.11) | .803 | .002 | |
| Peak hip extension | −0.2 (4.06) | −0.5 (3.39) | −0.3 (2.50) | −0.6 (3.82) | −0.4 (4.07) | 0.2 (2.80) | .543 | .009 | |
| Toe-off | −1.9 (8.49) | −1.5 (6.74) | 0.4 (4.70) | −0.4 (7.90) | −0.5 (6.81) | −0.1 (5.81) | .979 | .002 | |
| Ankle | |||||||||
| Sagittal plane | Initial contact | −1.6 (3.60) | −2.1 (4.10) | −0.5 (3.44) | −1.2 (3.35) | −1.1 (3.18) | 0.1 (2.08) | .392 | .019 |
| Midstance | 4.0 (2.79) | 3.3 (2.59) | −0.7 (2.19) | 3.0 (3.22) | 2.4 (2.99) | −0.6 (2.31) | .633 | .006 | |
| Peak hip extension | 9.0 (2.92) | 9.3 (2.79) | 0.3 (1.93) | 8.9 (4.51) | 8.7 (3.89) | −0.2 (3.01) | .445 | .015 | |
| Toe-off | −10.4 (4.07) | −11.0 (4.20) | −0.6 (2.78) | −11.1 (5.44) | −11.6 (5.75) | .954 | .000 | ||
| Frontal plane | Initial contact | 2.1 (3.99) | 2.5 (3.97) | 0.4 (2.68) | 2.3 (3.44) | 1.4 (4.30) | 0.9 (3.21) | .835 | .001 |
| Midstance | −9.0 (2.48) | −9.2 (4.25) | −0.2 (3.05) | −10.1 (2.67) | −9.3 (2.19) | 0.8 (2.58) | .612 | .006 | |
| Peak hip extension | −3.2 (3.76) | −2.5 (4.25) | 0.7 (3.54) | −2.4 (4.33) | −1.4 (3.75) | 1.0 (3.33) | .582 | .008 | |
| Toe-off | 3.2 (4.57) | 3.5 (4.25) | 0.3 (3.71) | 3.4 (5.36) | 4.3 (4.51) | 0.9 (3.32) | .583 | .008 | |
