Table 2 Joint angles; baseline and 4-month follow-up between groups: ANCOVA with baseline as covariate

Hip

Sagittal plane

Initial contact

32.1 (4.24)

32.7 (6.03)

0.6 (5.10)

32.6 (5.29)

33.0 (5.26)

0.4 (4.61)

.969

.000

Midstance

13.2 (4.18)

13.1 (4.61)

−0.1 (5.48)

12.5 (6.59)

12.7 (4.53)

0.2 (5.27)

.874

.001

Peak hip extension

−3.4 (5.93)

−2.4 (7.31)

1.0 (6.09)

−6.7 (9.13)

−5.7 (7.27)

1.0 (5.13)

.545

.009

Toe-off

5.3 (5.53)

5.1 (6.69)

0.2 (6.82)

3.2 (8.38)

3.7 (6.60)

0.5 (6.42)

.857

.001

Frontal plane

Initial contact

−4.0 (4.35)

−4.6 (4.78)

−0.6 (4.59)

−5.1 (3.85)

−6.2 (3.88)

−1.1 (2.99)

.392

.018

Midstance

11.7 (3.48)

10.5 (3.54)

−1.2 (3.72)

10.4 (4.11)

10.1 (4.02)

−0.3 (2.44)

.606

.006

Peak hip extension

5.3 (4.16)

5.4 (3.79)

0.1 (2.21)

6.0 (4.55)

5.9 (3.62)

−0.1 (3.08)

.931

.000

Toe-off

−0.6 (3.25)

−0.5 (3.19)

0.1 (2.50)

−1.2 (3.73)

0.9 (3.17)

0.3 (3.03)

.887

.001

Knee

Sagittal plane

Initial contact

0.8 (3.65)

0.5 (3.70)

−0.3 (3.20)

1.2 (4.75)

1.0 (3.37)

−0.2 (3.50)

.770

.002

Midstance

13.3 (4.40)

13.0 (4.45)

−0.3 (2.79)

12.3 (5.50)

12.3 (4.40)

0.0 (2.79)

.989

.000

Peak hip extension

22.6 (7.06)

22.8 (7.59)

0.2 (2.77)

18.2 (6.52)

18.2 (6.45)

0.0 (3.27)

.665

.005

Toe-off

48.4 (5.11)

47.9 (5.66)

−0.5 (2.99)

46.5 (5.63)

45.7 (5.76)

−0.8 (3.63)

.616

.006

Frontal plane

Initial contact

−3.1 (3.04)

−2.5 (3.18)

0.6 (1.96)

−3.5 (2.38)

−3.0 (3.16)

0.5 (1.75)

.893

.000

Midstance

−1.0 (3.32)

−0.6 (2.94)

0.4 (2.42)

−0.8 (2.84)

−0.6 (3.52)

0.2 (2.11)

.803

.002

Peak hip extension

−0.2 (4.06)

−0.5 (3.39)

−0.3 (2.50)

−0.6 (3.82)

−0.4 (4.07)

0.2 (2.80)

.543

.009

Toe-off

−1.9 (8.49)

−1.5 (6.74)

0.4 (4.70)

−0.4 (7.90)

−0.5 (6.81)

−0.1 (5.81)

.979

.002

Ankle

Sagittal plane

Initial contact

−1.6 (3.60)

−2.1 (4.10)

−0.5 (3.44)

−1.2 (3.35)

−1.1 (3.18)

0.1 (2.08)

.392

.019

Midstance

4.0 (2.79)

3.3 (2.59)

−0.7 (2.19)

3.0 (3.22)

2.4 (2.99)

−0.6 (2.31)

.633

.006

Peak hip extension

9.0 (2.92)

9.3 (2.79)

0.3 (1.93)

8.9 (4.51)

8.7 (3.89)

−0.2 (3.01)

.445

.015

Toe-off

−10.4 (4.07)

−11.0 (4.20)

−0.6 (2.78)

−11.1 (5.44)

−11.6 (5.75)

.954

.000

Frontal plane

Initial contact

2.1 (3.99)

2.5 (3.97)

0.4 (2.68)

2.3 (3.44)

1.4 (4.30)

0.9 (3.21)

.835

.001

Midstance

−9.0 (2.48)

−9.2 (4.25)

−0.2 (3.05)

−10.1 (2.67)

−9.3 (2.19)

0.8 (2.58)

.612

.006

Peak hip extension

−3.2 (3.76)

−2.5 (4.25)

0.7 (3.54)

−2.4 (4.33)

−1.4 (3.75)

1.0 (3.33)

.582

.008

Toe-off

3.2 (4.57)

3.5 (4.25)

0.3 (3.71)

3.4 (5.36)

4.3 (4.51)

0.9 (3.32)

.583

.008