Modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors as predictors of dementia death: pooling of ten general population-based cohort studies

Batty, G David; Russ, Tom C; Starr, John M; Stamatakis, Emmanuel; Kivimäki, Mika

doi:10.1186/1477-5751-13-8

Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine

Table 1 Age- and gender-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the relation of individual cardiovascular disease risk factors with dementia death and cardiovascular disease death: individual participant meta-analysis of ten general population-based cohort studies

From: Modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors as predictors of dementia death: pooling of ten general population-based cohort studies

Risk factor	Comparison	Cardiovascular disease				Dementia
		Deaths	N^k	HR (95% CI)	P-value	Deaths	N^k	HR (95% CI)	P-value
Age	Per 5 yr increase	2612	103764	1.78 (1.74, 1.82)	<0.001	443	103764	2.42 (2.29, 2.56)	<0.001
Gender	Female vs. male	2612	103764	0.60 (0.53, 0.68)	<0.001	443	103764	0.78 (0.65, 0.95)	0.01
Marital status	See footnote^a	990	61171	1.34 (1.00, 1.80)	0.049	156	61171	0.94 (0.58, 1.53)	0.81
Occupational social class	Non-manual vs. manual	2486	97455	1.36 (1.18, 1.57)	<0.001	424	97455	1.11 (0.86, 1.43)	0.42
Educational attainment	Left school ≤ 15 yr vs. older	2610	103680	1.38 (1.25, 1.52)	<0.001	443	103680	1.18 (0.95, 1.45)	0.13
Hypertension	See footnote^b	1600	63989	2.10 (1.83, 2.41)	<0.001	283	61751	0.96 (0.71, 1.30)	0.79
Systolic blood pressure	See footnote^c	1600	63989	1.08 (0.90, 1.30)	0.39	283	61751	0.87 (0.68, 1.11)	0.27
Diastolic blood pressure	See footnote^d	1600	63989	1.50 (1.31, 1.71)	<0.001	283	61751	1.02 (0.69, 1.50)	0.92
Uncontrolled hypertension	See footnote^e	803	46410	2.55 (2.08, 3.12)	<0.001	128	44626	0.88 (0.60, 1.29)	0.52
Smoking status	Current smoker vs. other	2606	103282	1.86 (1.62, 2.15)	<0.001	443	103282	1.75 (1.33, 2.29)	<0.001
Current drinker	Current vs. never/former^f	2610	103072	0.77 (0.64, 0.94)	0.01	443	103072	0.85 (0.67, 1.07)	0.17
High total cholesterol	See footnote^g	1424	55355	1.30 (1.04, 1.62)	0.02	233	53375	0.88 (0.67, 1.15)	0.34
Non-HDL cholesterol^h	Per SD (1.2 mmol/L) rise	1135	49562	1.06 (1.00, 1.19)	0.04	200	42271	0.82 (0.70, 0.96)	0.01
Serum C-reactive protein	Per SD (6.7 mmol/L) rise	1022	39352	1.14 (1.07, 1.21)	<0.001	191	37439	1.03 (0.93, 1.15)	0.56
Body mass index	≥ 30 kg/m² vs. < 30	1952	90978	1.24 (1.12, 1.37)	<0.001	322	90978	0.71 (0.53, 0.97)	0.03
Diabetes status	Yes vs. noⁱ	2605	100639	1.97 (1.65, 2.35)	<0.001	441	100639	1.03 (0.73, 1.46)	0.85
Physical inactivity	< 5 sessions/week vs. ≥ 5^j	2404	95426	1.63 (1.40, 1.89)	<0.001	401	95426	1.17 (0.72, 1.91)	0.52
Longstanding illness	Any vs. none	2612	103742	1.91 (1.74, 2.09)	<0.001	443	103742	1.10 (0.90, 1.36)	0.35

^aSingle, separated, divorced, or widowed vs. married, civil partnership or cohabiting. ^bSystolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, or taking antihypertensive treatment (NICE guidance) vs. other. ^cSystolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg vs other. ^dDiastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg vs other. ^eDespite antihypertensive medication, either systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, or both vs. normotensive individuals. ^fCurrent drinkers (any amount) compared to never- or ex-drinkers. ^gSerum total cholesterol ≥ 6.2 mmol/L or on lipid-lowering treatment versus other. ^hNon-HDL cholesterol (calculated by subtraction of HDL-C from total cholesterol, yielding a measure that encompasses low-, intermediate-, and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol). Hazard ratios are per standard deviation increase (disadvantage). ⁱDiabetes denoted by doctor-diagnosed diabetes, longstanding illness (diabetes), HbA_1c ≥ 6.0%, and/or diabetes medication. ^jFewer than five average weekly sessions of moderate to vigorous physical activity including domestic (walk/domestic 30 mins+, sports/exercise 15 mins+) compared to five or more (UK government recommendations). ^kSome cohort studies were excluded from specific risk factor analyses owing to the absence of any dementia deaths.

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ISSN: 1477-5751

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